Connotation and Denotation - Stadium + Punctum
In Language Analysis
- Words are not limited to one single meaning, most of them now have more than one which are categorised as Connotative and Denotative
In Image analysis
Denotative - "It is the literal face-value meaning of the sign" which means that it refers to the literal meaning of the photo, the elements we can see
Connotative - "It is all the social, cultural and historical meanings that are added to a sign's literal meaning."This means that it refers to the associations and emotional suggestions that are connected to a certain word. It is adding attitude to the a word.
Value of a photo
The image reveals what the creator wants us to see.
Studium - A kind of education (civility, politeness) that allows discovery of the operator (Provides a range of meanings obvious for everyone.
Punctum - An object/image that jumps out at the viewer within the photograph.
Studium - Similar concept of denotation, to study and understand the meaning of the photograph
Punctum - Similar concept of connotation, rare details that attract an audience to an image that is compelling to the spectator.
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Ethics of Representation in Photography
Ethics are principles reflecting values of a society. Issues arise in interpretation and and application.
Key Ethics of Representation: Representation, Profit, Conformity, Ownership
Ethical Considerations when taking your photos:
- Autonomy -
In what way can I show respect for a person's right to decline or consent to photography? How do I handle informed consent
- Non-Maleficence -
(Do No Harm) Am I creating and using photos in a manner that will do no harm to persons appearing in photos?
- Beneficence -
(Do Good) What is my intention or purpose for taking this photo? How can I use a photo to promote a good cause while ensuring that I do no harm to individuals in photos?
- Fidelity -
Am I using photos in a context that fairly represents the real situation, subject identity, or physical location of the image?
- Justice -
Am I photographing people and communities with the same respect I would show to neighbours and strangers in my home country?
Profit Making - Diane Arbus
"A world in which everybody is an alien, hopelessly isolated. immobilised in mechanical, crippled identities and - Sontag
Kevin Carter "Struggling Girl" Sudan 1993
Manipulation - Check the work of Brian Walski on the Iraqi War. He crossed-over images and made a huge photo hoax from it
Portrait and Fashion Photography
The most 'photoshop' form of photography today. It takes the spectator aware from the 'true' image by the manipulation of certain elements in the photo.
Image Theft
Richard Prince - Plagiarised other people's work on Instagram and pulled the images off their accounts for one of his exhibitions
It's important to consider the bigger picture and the aftermath of your photographs. What does it represent and express.
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'The Other' in Photography
19th Century photography focused on the documentary mode, this tendency came out of social criticism and journalism.
Things that photographers may represent:
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Sebastiao Salgado - Culture
A documentary photographers where his worked aimed to uncover and show the 'other' to a westernised audience. His work tells the truth inn order to get recognition on an under privileged society.
Michael Chelbin - Identity
Aimed to capture human stories in everyday life, those that exist in the space between the odd and the ordinary.
Diane Arbus - Sexual Identity
Her photos "flaunt and humanise abnormality" of her works from 1968.
Matthew Brady - War
Jacob Riis - Slums of East NYC Shows scenes in the ghetto for his middle class lantern slide audiences and newspaper readers.
Lewis Hine - Child Labour
Photographs children in their working environment, he promoted photography as a tool of social criticism.
August Sander - Identity/Social role
He developed a taxonomic model of portrait photography where the identity of the sitter was defined, in their social role.
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The 'New Aesthetic'
The new aesthetic is a native product of modern network culture from London and it was born digitally, on the Internet. The New Aesthetic is a 'theory object' and a shareable concept.
The New Aesthetic is a collaborative attempt to draw a circle around several species of aesthetic activity - Drone photography, Ubiquitous surveillance, glitch imagery, street-view photography.
Drone Cameras
Drone cameras can fly close to the ground, through a tree, along a wall and then climb high for an amazing panorama. BBC's Earthflight demonstrated just how valuable a drone can be. It's quiet rotors allowed the camera to shoot a flock of flamingo's that a helicopter could never have done with it's loud propellers.
Street-View Photography
You can take a virtual walk down almost any street in the developed world
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